Suppliers
A supplier is an organization focused on achieving carbon dioxide removal (CDR). They can be grouped into pathways based on capture and storage mechanisms. Scientists at Isometric work with multiple suppliers across pathways to advance research and to both review and develop protocols.
Biomass Carbon Removal and StorageBiomass carbon removal and storage (BiCRS) involves storing carbon present in biomass, which is organic material originating from living or recently living organisms. Examples of products stored are: biomass in its original form, dried biomass or products produced from biomass such as bio-oil or biochar.
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Enhanced WeatheringEnhanced weathering (EW) refers to the acceleration of natural chemical weathering, a process in which carbon dioxide dissolved in rainwater reacts with minerals contained within rocks, partly dissolving them and producing stable bicarbonate ions. When these bicarbonate ions are transported to the oceans via rivers they may be securely stored on long-term timescales. Typically enhanced weathering involves spreading crushed reactive rocks or minerals on croplands.
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MineralizationMineralization involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into stable mineral forms, such as carbonates. The process can occur naturally, over geological timescales, and through accelerated processes, such as enhanced weathering (EW). Within this process, metal oxides, such as magnesium oxide and calcium oxide, react with carbon dioxide to form stable carbonates phases. The products of this process are typically stable over geological timescales. Multiple process paths can be utilized to achieve mineralization, including biological, microbial, chemical and physical feedstock alteration.
Direct Air CaptureDirect air capture (DAC) refers to a set of chemical or electro-chemical processes that remove carbon dioxide from ambient air. Carbon dioxide in the air binds to either a solid sorbent or a liquid solvent which then undergo a process called regeneration where they are treated to release captured carbon dioxide. This typically creates a pure stream of carbon dioxide which can then be stored using a variety of storage techniques.
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Oceans and RiversOceans and rivers carbon dioxide removal pathways utilize the ocean’s natural capacity to absorb and store carbon for long timescales. These pathways leverage the biogeochemical and physical qualities of the Earth’s surface waters to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide or reduce natural outgassing. Some examples include various forms of mineral alkalinity enhancement and electrochemical treatment of seawater.+1 
ReforestationReforestation (Refo) involves activities that reintroduce or increase forest cover on degraded lands restoring the native forest ecosystem. Forests can act as a source or sink of carbon by converting atmospheric CO₂ into biomass through photosynthesis. Carbon is also steadily released from forest biomass through respiration and oxidation or as a result of timber harvesting, fires and deforestation. Reforestation activities include planting tree seedlings, facilitating natural regeneration and the ongoing management of the forest to maximize and preserve the carbon removed from the atmosphere that is stored in tree biomass.
